GEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
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Sławomir OSZCZEPALSKI, Grzegorz J. NOWAK, Achim BECHTEL and Karel ZÁK
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Evidence of oxidation of the Kupferschiefer in the Lubin-Sieroszowice deposit, Poland: implications for Cu-Ag and Au-Pt-Pd mineralisation
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In the western part of the Lubin-Sieroszowice mining district, processes of secondary oxidation of the Kupferschiefer sediments have led to the formation of the Rote Fäule hematitic footwall alteration and resulted in a unique Kupferschiefer profile clearly comprising reduced, transitional and oxidised rocks. Redox zones were identified by petrographic, geochemical and stable isotope studies of selected core and mine sections. The vertical petrographic and geochemical zonation of the Kupferschiefer sections implies that this variation is the result of an ascending flow of hydrothermal oxidising fluids through the basal part of the Zechstein sediments. The upward, cross-formational flow and water-rock interaction resulted in the oxidation of the initially reduced Kupferschiefer shales that led to the destruction and leaching of unstable components, leaving only refractory and immobile constituents behind within the Rote Fäule. The oxidised rocks are characterised by an abundance of ferric Fe oxides, the presence of gold in association with hematite, high concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons and asphaltenes, the lowest ð13C and ð18O values in carbonates and the highest ð34S values in disseminated sulfides. The residual organic matter is significantly depleted in bitumen and hydrogen, and characterised by the absence of alginite and sporinite, low collinite and bituminite contents, and a high relative proportion of solid bitumen. A considerable loss of pyrite and base metals coincides with organic matter degradation. The association of Au-Pt-Pd mineralisation with the oxidised rocks, and Cu-Ag ores with the reduced sediments implies that the processes forming the Rote Fäule were paralleled by sulfide mineralisation. The Rote Fäule/ore system developed as post-sedimentary event caused by large-scale flow of metal-bearing fluids from the underlying Rotliegend aquifer.
Sławomir Oszczepalski, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland, e-mail:
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; Grzegorz J. Nowak, Polish Geological Institute, Lower Silesian Branch, Jaworowa 19, PL-53-122 Wrocław, Poland, e-mail:
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; Achim Bechtel, Mineralogisch-Petrologisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, e-mail:
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; Karel Zák, Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118-21 Praha, Czech Republic, e-mail:
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. (received: April 6, 2000; accepted: November 5, 2001).
Key words: Lubin-Sieroszowice, Kupferschiefer, Rote Fäule, copper deposit, oxidation, organic matter, stable isotopes, Cu-Ag ores, Au-Pt-Pd mineralisation.
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Leszek MARYNOWSKI, Mariusz SALAMON and Marek NARKIEWICZ
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Thermal maturity and depositional environments of organic matter in the post-Variscan succession of the Holy Cross Mountains
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The results of GC-MS investigations of biomarkers in organic matter from the epicontinental Permian and Triassic strata of the Holy Cross Mts. indicate generally suboxic (Permian) and oxic (Triassic, except for the Middle Muschelkalk) depositional environments with accompanying intensive bacterial reworking of organic remains. The biomarker spectra found in the Middle Muschelkalk and in the Entolium discites Beds (Upper Muschelkalk) show the presence of gammacerane, an increased concentration of C34 homohopanes and a Pr/Ph ratio not exceeding 1. All these observations suggest a hypersaline sedimentary environment with water column stratification and poorly oxygenated conditions. Thermal maturity investigations were based on both vitrinite reflectance and biomarker indices. The organic matter in the Triassic succession is slightly more mature along the northern margin of the Holy Cross Mts. than along their southern part, due probably to a regional increase in the maximum burial depth during the Mesozoic. The maturity of the Permian strata at Gałęzice (southern Holy Cross Mts.) is similar to that of the Triassic rocks whereas Kajetanów (in the north) is characterised by values significantly higher and comparable to those found in wells further north. The difference cannot be accounted for solely by differential burial depths, and implies the existence of a positive thermal anomaly active before the Middle Triassic. Our investigations generally confirmed the low thermal maturity of the Triassic. However, contrary to earlier interpretations, we suggest that the maximum burial depths based on a reconstructed thickness of the post-Triassic deposits may account for the observed maturity levels, assuming that geothermal gradients in the Mesozoic were similar to today's.
Leszek Marynowski and Mariusz Salamon, Department of Earth Sciences, Silesian University, Będzińska 60, PL-42-200 Sosnowiec, e-mail:
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; Marek Narkiewicz, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, e-mail:
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(received: November 29, 2000; accepted: November 14, 2001).
Key words: Holy Cross Mountains, Permian, Triassic, biomarkers, depositional environment, thermal maturity.
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Anna BIAŁOWOLSKA, Nonna BAKUN-CZUBAROW and Yuriy FEDORYSHYN
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Neoproterozoic flood basalts of the upper beds of the Volhynian Series (East European Craton)
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The effusive rocks of the Ratno Beds of the Volhynian Series known from the western slope of the Ukrainian Shield are represented by lower Vendian flood basalts whose normative composition is that of quartz tholeiites. These are plagioclase-pyroxene basalts displaying intergranular, intersertal, doleritic, ophitic and amygdaloidal textures; they range from aphanitic to medium-grained and contain about 7 vol. % of palagonite - an altered glass with a high iron and considerable magnesium content. The range in composition of plagioclases (andesine-bytownite) and clinopyroxenes (augite-ferropigeonite) suggests that the Ratno Beds basalts formed by fractional crystallisation of a parent magma. Residual magma underwent liquation, producing a separate acid glass (69-73 wt. % of SiO2) phase within a basic one considerably poorer in SiO2 but rich in iron and magnesium. The Ratno Beds basalts are relatively rich in silica, iron, titanium and vanadium as well as in REE and LREE in particular but poor in Ni, Co and Cr. Normative composition, geochemical characteristics and tectonic position suggest classification as continental quartz tholeiites. Hydrothermal solutions are responsible for rich native copper mineralisation in basalts of certain parts of Volhynia (Ivance and Policy). The Vendian volcanism of the Volhynian Series lithologically correlated with the Sławatycze Series of eastern Poland, can be related to continental rifting accompanying the breakup of Rodinia, with crustal fractures mainly running concordantly with the suture zone between Fennoscandia and Sarmatia, thus almost perpendicular to the Tornquist rift; other fracture trends may also have controlled Vendian volcanism.
Anna Białowolska, Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology, Warsaw University, Al. Żwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warsaw, Poland; Nonna Bakun-Czubarow, Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818 Warsaw, Poland; Yuriy Fedoryshyn, Geology Department, Ivan Franko University of Lviv, Grushevskogo 4, 290005 Lviv, Ukraine (received: November 9, 2000; accepted: November 21, 2001).
Key words: Volhynian Series, Ratno Beds, flood basalts, fractional crystallisation, liquation, palagonite, copper mineralisation.
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Barbara MARCINIAK and Galina KHURSEVICH
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Comparison of diatom successions from Mazovian (Poland) and Alexandrian (Belarus) lacustrine interglacial deposits
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Comparative analysis of two profiles (Gvoznitsa, Malorita district, southwestern Belarus and Krępiec, Lublin Upland, eastern Poland) of Alexandrian and/or Mazovian (=Likhvinian, Holsteinian) age shows different diatom successions which are correlated with pollen data. Various species of Cyclotella, Stephanodiscus and Aulacoseira predominate at Gvoznitsa, while the diatom flora at Krępiec is more diverse and includes also Synedra, Asterionella, and Fragilaria taxa. Certain apparently extinct taxa of Cyclotella (C. comta var. lichvinensis (Jousé) Loginova, C. comta var. pliocaenica Krasske, C. temperiana (Loginova) Loginova, C. michiganiana var. parvula Loginova (C. parvula Loginova), are typical of the Mazovian and/or Alexandrian Interglacial.
Barbara Marciniak, Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818 Warszawa, Poland, e-mail:
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; Galina Khursevich, Institute of Geological Sciences, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich 7, 220141 Minsk, Belarus, e-mail:
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(received: November 11, 2000; accepted: November 13, 2001).
Key words: Poland, Belarus, Mazovian/Alexandrian (Likhvinian, Holsteinian) Interglacial, diatoms, succession, lake development.
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Teresa KUSZELL and Jarosław WINNICKI
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Geology and palynology of Vistulian Glaciation deposits in closed basins near Jutrosin (southern Wielkopolska), Poland
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Several closed, infilled basins dating from the last glaciation were found near Jutrosin in southern Wielkopolska. The Nadstawem is site located 1.5 km south-east from the centre of Jutrosin. The basins are located within end morainic hills which date back to the Wartanian Glaciation. The deposits comprise clay and sand with frost structures interbedded with till, overlain by sand and silt with three organic beds. Palynological studies have enabled reconstruction of the plant communities. radiocarbon dating indicated about 38 700 BP for the lower organic bed without sporomorphs and ca. 29 000 BP for the upper two ones with a rich pollen spectrum. Hence, organic sedimentation ranged from the Hengelo Interstadial to the Denekamp Interstadial.
Teresa Kuszell, Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Cybulskiego 30, PL-50-205 Wrocław, Poland; Jarosław Winnicki, Department of Geological Cartography, Geological Enterprise "Proxima", Wierzbowa 15, PL-50-056 Wrocław, Poland (received: November 9, 2000; accepted: November 15, 2001).
Key words: southern Wielkopolska, Vistulian flora, interpleniglacial, stratigraphy.
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Stanisław BRUD and Mirosława KUPRYJANOWICZ
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Eemian Interglacial deposits at Haćki near Bielsk Podlaski: implications for the limit of the last glaciation in northeastern Poland
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Pollen analysis was conducted on organic deposits on a kame ridge at Haćki in northeastern Poland. The deposits are referred to the Eemian Interglacial. Slope sediments only covered these biogenic deposits. The glacigenic landforms therefore relate to the Wartanian Glaciation, and so this area has not been occupied by an ice sheet of the Vistulian Glaciation.
Stanisław Brud, Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2A, PL-30-063 Kraków, Poland, e-mail:
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; Mirosława Kupryjanowicz, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Świerkowa 20b, PL-15-950 Białystok, Poland, e-mail:
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(received: November 3, 2000; accepted: February 26, 2001).
Key words: NE Poland, Wartanian Glaciation, Eemian Interglacial, Vistulian, kames, pollen analysis.
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Zenonas GULBINAS and Minijus SAMUILA
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Integrated monitoring in small wooded catchments in Lithuania
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In the background monitoring areas (small wooded catchments) agricultural pollution is negligible and the atmosphere is the only source of widescale pollution. We review the chemical compositions in the soil profiles of Auktaitija, Dzukija and emaitija in Lithuania. We describe also trends in groundwater level fluctuations, the chemical composition of groundwater in 1994-1999, compare the chemical and physical properties of runoff water and show results of the simulation of successive data series of soil water flow and soil moisture saturation at different depths by the SOIL model. The simulation results may be used to evaluate water movement and element mobility in the soil.
Zenonas Gulbinas and Minijus Samuila, Institute of Geography, Akademijos 2, LT-2600 Vilnius, Lithuania, e-mail:
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,
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(received: July 10, 2000; accepted: August 10, 2001).
Key words: integrated monitoring, soil, groundwater, runoff, modelling.
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Grzegorz NIEDŹWIEDZKI and Gerard GIERLIŃSKI
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Isolated theropod teeth from the Cretaceous strata of Khouribga, Morocco
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Predatory dinosaur (Theropoda) teeth are described from Khouribga near Casablanca (Ad-Dar al-Bajda) in northern Morocco. A morphological study of specimens shows that two teeth represent the family Spinosauridae. A third tooth shows features characteristic of the genus Carcharodontosaurus. These are the first finds of dinosaurs from Khouribga.
Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki, Department of Biology, Warsaw University, Miecznikowa 1, PL-02-096 Warszawa, Poland, e-mail:
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; Gerard Gierliński, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland (received: September 18, 2001; accepted: December 11, 2001).
Key words: Morocco, Cretaceous, Theropoda (Dinosauria), Carcharodontosauridae, Spinosauridae.
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