GEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
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Czesław KRÓLIKOWSKI and Zdzisław PETECKI
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Lithospheric structure across the Trans-European Suture Zone in NW Poland based on gravity data interpretation
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............235
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We provide an analysis of geophysical and geological data from the Baltic segment of the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ). The construction of structural and density maps of the Zechstein-Mesozoic-Cenozoic complex has allowed identification of anomalies of basement orgin. As a result of interpretation of these anomalies, major structural elements of the lithosphere have been characterised. According to gravity modelling the crustal structure is more complicated than shown on velocity model along refraction and wide-angle reflection profile LT-7. Long-wavelength anomalies have been modelled in terms of lateral heterogeneity within the lower crust and upper mantle. In order to achieve a match between the observed and calculated gravity effects, it was necessary to assume dense upper mantle beneath the TESZ. Gravity data also indicate the presence of high-density bodies in the upper crust, and a complex transitional zone between crust and upper mantle in the TESZ.
Czesław Królikowski and Zdzisław Petecki, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland; e-mail:
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(received: December 20, 2001; accepted: May 6, 2002).
Key words: Trans-European Suture Zone, gravity anomalies, structural-density model, gravity stripping, lithospheric structure
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Stefan MŁYNARSKI
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Seismic refraction investigations in Poland (1964-1978) and their use in continuing studies
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............247
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Seismic refraction investigations, performed in Poland between 1964 and 1978, are reviewed. Examples selected from the many seismic profiles, totalling approximately 15 000 km in length, are shown. The most useful profiles as regards geological interpretation are in the Precambrian Platform and along its southwestern edge. Both the top of the crystalline basement and a system of faults, downfaulting the basement towards the south-west, can be identified in that area. In the Carpathians and its foreland, the top of this basement may be identified together with the bases of thrust flysch nappes. In the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, the top of folded Carboniferous deposits can be determined. The most ambiguous results were obtained from the Palaeozoic Platform.
Stefan Młynarski, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland (received: January 14, 2002; accepted: June 11, 2002).
Key words: Precambrian Platform, Palaeozoic Platform, Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Carpathians, refraction seismic surveys.
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Marek NARKIEWICZ
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Ordovician through earliest Devonian development of the Holy Cross Mts. (Poland): constraints from subsidence analysis and thermal maturity data
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............255
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The Łysogóry Block (ŁB) exposed in the northern Holy Cross Mts. (HCMts.) reveals subsidence and thermal development consistent with the pattern observed in adjoining East European Craton (EEC) areas. This evidence, in addition to previously reported similarities in sedimentation and deep crustal structure, contradicts the Pożaryski's hypothesis that the Łysogóry Block represents a terrane within the Caledonian orogen. This area is here interpreted as the part of a Late Silurian foredeep basin which developed on the Baltica margin in response to terminal phases of collision with Eastern Avalonia. The development of the continuous Late Silurian foredeep basin along the EEC margin from the Peri-Tornquist Basin in the north-west to the present northern HCMts. implies that the North German-Polish Caledonides orogen had its NE continuation near the present Holy Cross area. The southern HCMts. comprise the northern margin of the Małopolska Massif (MM). The Ordovician-Silurian subsidence development of this area, its thermal history and crustal structure point to a stable cratonic setting. Existing similarities in sedimentary succession (mostly Ordovician and Lower Silurian) as well as clearly Baltic palaeobiogeographic affinities indicate a close spatial connection between the MM and Baltica during the analysed time interval. The juxtaposition of the MM against the ŁB area can be explained assuming that the MM is a part of Baltica detached from its margin due to right-lateral strike-slip after late Ludlow and before Emsian time.
Marek Narkiewicz, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland; e-mail:
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(received: April 17, 2002; accepted: May 7, 2002).
Key words: Trans-European Suture Zone, Holy Cross Mountains, Early Palaeozoic, tectonic subsidence, thermal history, terranes.
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Krzysztof JAWOROWSKI
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Geotectonic significance of Carboniferous deposits NW of the Holy Cross Mts. (central Poland)
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............267
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Carboniferous sandstones and shales encountered in deep boreholes drilled in central Poland, NW of the Holy Cross Mts., represent a pseudoflysch i.e. they show facies features of flysch and, simultaneously, are of cratonic provenance. Clastic sediments were derived from a peripheral bulge formed within the East European Craton as a result of stresses exerted by the accretion/thrust wedge advancing up the marginal part of the craton. In central Poland, NW of the Holy Cross Mts., a Variscan foredeep existed. The foredeep was the depositional site of interfingering exo- and pseudoflysch which, from a geodynamic point of view, are equivalent to an outer molasse. Huge masses of Carboniferous deposits (generally corresponding to flysch) from southwestern and central Poland successively represent, moving from SW to NE, Variscan ortho-, exo- and pseudoflysch.
Krzysztof Jaworowski, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland (received: February 8, 2002; accepted: April 11, 2002).
Key words: central Poland, Variscides, Carboniferous, debrites, turbidites, flysch, pseudoflysch.
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Zbigniew KOWALCZEWSKI
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Late Palaeozoic-Mesozoic development of the Skrzynno Fault (northeastern border of the Holy Cross Mts.)
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............281
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The prominent regional Skrzynno Fault, running NW-SE, crosses the northeastern periphery of the Holy Cross Mts. On either side of this fault two deep boreholes were drilled 5 km apart (Ostałów 1 and Ostałów PIG 2). A comparison of the stratigraphical successions in these boreholes enabled a reconstruction of the fault's evolution. This is a normal fault with a downthrown northeastern wall. At the sub-Cenozoic surface close to the fault plane, the lower Middle Jurassic is in contact with lowermost Lower Jurassic. The base of the Jurassic is thrown by 810 m, and the base of the Permian by 1010 m. These values suggest that the Skrzynno Fault was a synsedimentary fault, active from the Permian until the Jurassic. On the upthrown side, the Permian is underlain by the Middle Devonian, but on the downthrown side, by the Lower Carboniferous. Estimating the thickness of deposits removed from the upthrown side shows that the pre-Permian fault throw could have amounted to about 1300 m. On the downthrown side thin Rotliegend deposits are preserved. A local saline basin was formed during deposition of the Zechstein PZ1 cycle. The southwestern fault wall was subsiding during sedimentation of the upper Zechstein and in the Early Triassic - the difference in thicknesses of the Buntsandstein is nearly 200 m. Another stage of fault activity and the lowering of its northeastern wall occurred during Keuper (upper part of the Triassic) sedimentation. These deposits are thicker by approximately 300 m here, as compared with the southwestern side. Later evolution of the fault cannot be precisely reconstructed due to erosion of post-Hettangian sediments of the upthrown side. General knowledge of the geology of the region indicates that the Skrzynno Fault was strongly active in particular around the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary and during the Paleogene tectonic inversion.
Zbigniew Kowalczewski, Holy Cross Mts. Branch, Polish Geological Institute, Zgoda 21, PL-25-953 Kielce, Poland (received: January 16, 2002; accepted: Juni 20, 2002).
Key words: northern Holy Cross Mts., Skrzynno Fault, borehole sections, thickness analysis, subsidence.
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Ryszard WAGNER, Krzysztof LESZCZYŃSKI, Jędrzej POKORSKI and Krzysztof GUMULAK
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Palaeotectonic cross-sections through the Mid-Polish Trough
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............293
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The Late Permian and Mesozoic evolution of the Mid-Polish Trough is analysed using a set of palaeotectonic cross-sections which are constrained by regional integrated depth-converted reflection seismic profiles. Results support the concept that the central and NW part of the Mid-Polish Trough can be subdivided into a Pomeranian and a Kuiavian segment. The Pomeranian segment is characterised by lower subsidence and a shallower depth to the base of the Zechstein (3500-4000 m) as compared with the Kuiavian segment. The Pomeranian basin was characterised by a nearly symmetrical structure and a single depocentre. In Kujawy, the basin displays a more complex structure with several local depocentres. In the Pomeranian segment, salt structures are poorly developed (salt pillows). These formed relatively late: during the latest Cretaceous and Early Paleocene. In the Kuiavian segment, salt structures include also salt diapirs which began to form at the end of the Muschelkalk, and were active later throughout Mesozoic times, as evidenced by lateral facies and thickness changes. During end Cretaceous and Paleocene basin inversion, the base of the Zechstein was uplifted by 3000-4000 m in the Kuiavian segment and by 2000-3000 m in the Pomeranian segment. The transition zone between the Pomeranian and Kuiavian segments, located in the area between Piła and Toruń, displays mixed features in its structure and geological evolution. Subsidence of the Mid-Polish Trough was controlled by multiple extensional pulses during which pre-existing crustal-scale faults were reactivated. Similarly, inversion of the Mid-Polish Trough involved reactivation of crustal faults. Segmentation of the Mid-Polish Trough can be related to factors including differences in its basement composition.
Ryszard Wagner, Krzysztof Leszczyński, Jędrzej Pokorski and Krzysztof Gumulak, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL- 00-975 Warszawa, Poland; e-mail:
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(received: March 6, 2002; accepted: June 26, 2002).
Key words: Mid-Polish Trough, Zechstein-Mesozoic sedimentary cover, subsidence, salt structures, Late Cretaceous inversion.
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Grzegorz PIEŃKOWSKI
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Lithofacies and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Early Jurassic Höör Sandstone, Southern Sweden
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............307
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Sedimentological analysis of the Early Jurassic Höör Sandstone in Central Scania, Sweden shows that two units representing different lithofacies may be distinguished. The lower Stanstorp Member is characterised by texturally and mineralogically heterogeneous sediments. Mature arenites and immature quartz and subarkosic wackes form two clearly separated groups, interpreted as fluvial channel and alluvial plain deposits respectively. The fluvial character of this member is supported by a dominance of unidirectionally oriented trough sets, abundant plant detritus, the presence of plant roots and palaeosols and a lack of marine body fossils and trace fossils. An intercalated composite polymict conglomerate layer is interpreted as the result of an extraordinary flood. The overlying Vittseröd Member is characterised by mature quartz arenites and large-scale tabular sets with multidirectional orientations. The Vittseröd Member arenites are of storm- and possibly tide-dominated shoreface origin. Bidirectional wave and tide-induced longshore currents and unidirectional onshore migration of sand ridges were the chief depositional processes. Longshore currents towards the NNW prevailed. Upper flow regime features, and erosion and reworking of sediments are attributed to the storm-induced rip currents. Lithofacies characteristics are used to define the following lithostratigraphical units: the Stanstorp and the Vittseröd members, as well as the Höör Sandstone (Fm) above. Lithofacies and palaeoenvironmental characteristics of the Vittseröd Member and their comparison with the facies of the Helsingborg and Döshult members in Western Scania suggest a Sinemurian age for the Vittseröd Member.
Grzegorz Pieńkowski, Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, PL-00- 975 Warszawa, Rakowiecka 4, Poland (received: January 16, 2002; accepted: February 11, 2002).
Key words: Höör Sandstone (Fm), Early Liassic, Stanstorp Member, Vittseröd Member, sedimentology, fluvial lithofacies, storm- and tide-dominated facies, formal lithostratigraphy.
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Joanna DADLEZ
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Cyclic sedimentation in the Middle Jurassic of central Poland
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............321
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Nine boreholes were drilled in the late eighties in central Poland to investigate the Middle Jurassic sedimentary successions. The boreholes were arranged in three lines (Ciechocinek, Brześć Kujawski and Wojszyce lines) running across three anticlines underlain by salt pillows. Long intervals of boreholes have been cored, often with 100% core recovery, thus enabling a detailed examination of sedimentary evolution. Sequences are composed of a full range of clastic rocks, from conglomerates through sandstones and heteroliths to shales. They are arranged in sedimentary cycles, predominantly regressive (coarsening upwards). These are interpreted as deposited in a shallow, wave/storm-dominated, shelf environment, each cycle being a result of progradation of fore-shore to near-shore heteroliths and sands over the shales of an open sea. The basin was probably non-tidal or microtidal. These essential (lower order) cycles, equivalents of the IVth order cycles in the world-wide scheme, are assembled in higher order cycles which resemble the IIIrd order cycles of that scheme. The bases of the higher order cycles are good lithostratigraphic markers, three of them being probably equivalents of chronostratigraphic boundaries (bases of the upper Aalenian, upper Bajocian and Bathonian, respectively). Correlation of borehole sections points to limited salt movement of the Ciechocinek and Wojszyce salt pillows during the Middle Jurassic. These are indicated, first of all, by thickness reductions seen in boreholes located above the tops of salt pillows. In the Ciechocinek area, the upward movement of salt occurred during the latest Bajocian/earliest Bathonian while in the Wojszyce area - during the early Bathonian. Coarser clastics were shed into the basin from the south-west, north-west (along the Mid-Polish Trough) and north-east during the Aalenian, and mainly from the north-east (from the East European Craton) in later times.
Joanna Dadlez, Puławska 7/9 m 16, PL-02-515 Warszawa, Poland (received: January 30, 2002; accepted: March 22, 2002).
Key words: central Poland, Middle Jurassic, stratigraphy, cyclic sedimentation, salt mobility.
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Piotr KRZYWIEC
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The Oświno structure (NW Mid-Polish Trough) - salt diapir or inversion-related compressional structure?
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............337
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Interpretation of seismic data from the Pomeranian segment of the Mid-Polish Trough (MPT) shows that this part of the MPT evolved in Mesozoic times as a decoupled sedimentary basin. Regional-scale decoupling was caused by the thick Zechstein salt layer. Detailed tectonic and seismostratigraphic analysis of seismic data from the vicinity of the Oświno IG 1 well allowed for significant reinterpretation of the Oświno structure, which was previously interpreted as partly pierced salt diapir. This structure developed in Triassic to Jurassic times as a listric normal fault zone detached above the salt layer, resulting from activity of a master fault present within the pre-Zechstein basement. Two pulses of increased extension could be inferred for Oświno fault zone: Late Triassic and Mid-Late Jurassic. The Oświno fault zone was reactivated in the Late Cretaceous due to the compression responsible for inversion of the MPT. Inversion-related uplift of the axial part of the MPT created a morphological gradient and the increased pressure of uplifted overburden rocks directed towards its flanks that also contributed to reactivation of the Oświno fault zone. This fault zone, together with the Drawno-Człopa salt diapiric structure and graben system of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, have developed due to decoupled evolution of the Mid-Polish Trough.
Piotr Krzywiec, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warsaw, Poland; e-mail:
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(received: February 12, 2002; accepted: April 24, 2002).
Key words: Mid-Polish Trough, Mesozoic, extension, inversion, salt structures, decoupled evolution, syn-tectonic sedimentation.
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Krzysztof LESZCZYŃSKI
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Late Cretaceous inversion and salt tectonics in the Koszalin-Chojnice and Drawno-Człopa-Szamotuły zones, Pomeranian sector of the Mid-Polish Trough
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............347
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Late Cretaceous inversion processes and their relation to salt movements in the Pomeranian sector of the Mid-Polish Trough are described, based on deep boreholes. Two tectonic zones, inverted in the Late Cretaceous, located in the Mid-Polish Trough, were selected for study: the Koszalin-Chojnice Zone situated NE of the present-day Mid-Polish Swell in the Pomeranian Trough, within an area of non-salt anticlines, and the Drawno-Człopa-Szamotuły Zone located in the Szczecin Trough, SW of the Mid-Polish Swell, in an area of strong salt tectonics. The stratigraphic gaps present indicate that the first pulse of Late Cretaceous inversion might have occurred in the Coniacian-early Santonian in this area. Another pulse can be dated at late Campanian-early Maastrichtian. Intra-Cretaceous stratigraphic gaps reached their maximum areal extent in the Coniacian (Inoceramus involutus Zone) and Upper Campanian (Koszalin-Chojnice Zone). Over large areas, Santonian (mostly upper Santonian) deposits rest upon Turonian (including Inoceramus schloenbachi Zone), and locally on older rocks. The lithofacies maps show that thickness and lithofacies distribution in the Cenomanian was independent of the strike of the Koszalin-Chojnice Zone. Such a dependence began and was accentuated in the Coniacian. Santonian and Campanian clastic deposits, extending along the SW boundary of the Mid-Polish Swell and absent in the SW part of the Pomeranian Trough, suggest local tectonic inversion within the central part of the Mid-Polish Trough.
Krzysztof Leszczyński, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa; e-mail:
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(received: January 17, 2002; accepted: May 7, 2002).
Key words: Mid-Polish Trough, Upper Cretaceous, salt structures, inversion, palaeogeography, facies and thickness analysis.
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