GEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
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Kaja PIETSCH and Wojciech STRZETELSKI
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Seismic and geochemical anomalies related to vertical migration of gas in the Radlin gas field
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............1
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In the Radlin Rotliegend gas field (southwestern Polish Lowlands, Fore-Sudetic Region, Poznań Depression), modelling and reinterpretation of seismic data combined with surface gas surveys (free gas method) help identify "gas chimneys" and locate pathways of vertical migration. An almost impermeable Zechstein evaporite cover reduces the stream of vertical gas migration so that a dry surface geochemical zone occurs at the surface and no seismic disturbances are observed directly above the pay zone of the gas field. The surface gas anomalies form a halo-type pattern surrounding the gas field. The majority of surface hydrocarbon microseepages from the subsurface agrees with the seismically visualised geological structure. The belts of surface gas anomalies and the dry zones separating them run along the strike of Permian structures and faults. Vertical pathways of gas migration are recognisable as zones of seismic discontinuity and chaotic distribution of distinct reflections and diffracted waves. Seismic "gas chimney" effects coincide with surface hydrocarbon gas anomalies. Particularly, they appear above the upper terminations of faults disturbing the Zechstein deposits. The faults create the main a venues for secondary vertical migration of gas from the reservoir to the surface. "Gas chimneys" are observable in a shallow zone above the Muschelkalk (Tm) where higher gas saturation of more porous rocks produces a seismically traceable velocity effect.
Kaja Pietsch, Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Mickiewicza 30, PL-30-059 Kraków, Poland, e-mail:
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; Wojciech Strzetelski, Department of Fossil Fuels, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Mickiewicza 30, PL-30-059 Kraków, Poland (received: August 8, 2000; accepted: January 8, 2001).
Key words: vertical gas migration, seismic anomalies, surface hydrocarbon gas anomalies (geochemical anomalies), "gas chimneys", Radlin gas field.
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Jan GOLONKA and Michał KROBICKI
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Upwelling regime in the Carpathian Tethys: a Jurassic-Cretaceous palaeogeographic and paleoclimatic perspective
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Jurassic and Cretaceous global palaeogeographic reconstructions show a changing configuration of mountains, land, shallow seas and deep ocean basins, and these are used as input for paleoclimatic modelling. We have generated Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian, Tithonian-Berriasian and Barremian-Hauterivian paleoclimatic maps, showing air pressure, wind directions, humidity zones and areas favourable to upwelling conditions, modelled by the PALEOCLIMATE program and plotted on the palaeogeographic background. Paleoclimate modelling suggests that prevailing Jurassic-Cretaceous winds in the northern Tethys area came from south-south-west, and may have been parallel to the Czorsztyn Ridge, uplifted as a result of extension during the Jurassic supercontinental breakup. Upwelling may have been induced at the southeastern margin of the ridge. The model is consistent with the rock records within the earliest Cretaceous deposits. The presence of phosphates and a palaeoenvironmental analysis of benthic fauna support the upwelling model.
Jan Golonka, Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2A, PL-30-063 Kraków, Poland; e-mail:
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; Michał Krobicki, Department of Stratigraphy and Regional Geology, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Mickiewicza 30, PL-30-059 Kraków, Poland; e-mail:
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(received: September 13, 2000; accepted: December 25, 2000).
Key words: Tethys, Carpathians, Jurassic, Cretaceous, palaeogeography, paleoclimate, palaeoecology, upwelling.
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Bogusław BAGIŃSKI, Jean-Clair DUCHESNE, Jacqueline VANDER AUWERA, Hervé MARTIN and Janina WISZNIEWSKA
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Petrology and geochemistry of rapakivi-type granites from the crystalline basement of NE Poland
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80 rock samples from drill-cores at 8 localities in the Mazury complex (Polish part of the crystalline East European Craton), representing rock types from monzodiorites to leucogranites, were studied for major, trace and REE elements by XRF and ICP-MS methods. The range in composition of the investigated rocks varies from 46 to 76% SiO2 contents. All of them show similar REE distributions, which suggests that they are genetically linked. They also plot along a major trend with many similarities to the jotunitic liquid line of descent defined in AMCG rocks from Rogaland (Norway). Each group of rocks has however its own specific pattern of elements.
Bogusław Bagiński, Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, Warsaw University, Żwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland, e-mail:
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; Jean-Clair Duchesne, Jacqueline Vander Auwera, L.A. Géologie, Pétrologie, Géochimie Université de Liége (Bat. B20) B-4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium; Hervé Martin, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal, 5 rue Kessler, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Janina Wiszniewska, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland, e-mail:
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(received: October 27, 2000; accepted: December 20, 2000).
Key words: Mazury complex, rapakivi-type granites, jotunite, granite modelling.
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Maciej KŁONOWSKI, Henny A. J. van LANEN and Roel DIJKSMA
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Groundwater flow and nitrate migration in a Dutch-Belgian chalk catchment; observed and future concentrations
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In the catchment of the Noor brook, by the Dutch/Belgian border, excess precipitation with high nitrate concentrations (80-120 mgˇl-1) recharges the Cretaceous multi-aquifer system under the plateau and foothill (agricultural area). The nitrates are transported through the aquifer (median NO3-> 50 mgˇl-1 under the plateau) towards springs and wetlands of the Noorbeemden nature reserve. The major spring has a concentration of 70-80 mgˇl-1. The concentration in the Noor brook is somewhat lower (median 46 mgˇl-1) because of denitrification in the wetlands. The groundwater flow and transport model FLONET/TRANS was used to simulate the development of the nitrate distribution in the last 50 years. The general NO3-distribution in the northern part of the catchment could be reasonably well predicted, whereas the concentrations in the southern part were underestimated by about 20 mgˇl-1. The simulated future trend in the northern part of the catchment in the next 100 years shows that a reduction of nitrate leaching by 50% is required to level off the currently still increasing concentrations. A dramatic decrease of leaching by 75% is needed to achieve pre-1950's concentrations. This implies that the management plan of the Noorbeemden Nature Reserve, which is complied by the Nature Conservation Organisation, should not aim at botanical restoration in the first decades, even if severe restrictions in nitrogen application are imposed on the farmers now.
Maciej Kłonowski, Polish Geological Institute, Lower Silesian Branch, Jaworowa 19, PL-53-122 Wrocław, Poland, e-mail:
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; Henny A. J. van Lanen, Subdepartment of Water Resources, Wageningen University, Nieuwe Kanaal 11, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands, e-mail: Henny.van
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; Roel Dijksma, Subdepartment of Water Resources, Wageningen University, Nieuwe Kanaal 11, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands, e-mail:
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(received: October 5, 1999; accepted: December 7, 2000).
Key words: the Netherlands and Belgium, Cretaceous chalk aquifer, groundwater flow, nitrate leaching, modelling, nitrate reduction policy.
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Krzysztof GRZYBOWSKI
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Loess-like silts in the Beskid Mały and Beskid Makowski Mountains, Western Outer Carpathians
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Among the Quaternary deposits of the Beskid Mały and Beskid Makowski Mts. in southern Poland, loess-like silts occurring in the Skawa River valley and the Paleczka River valley are distinguishable by their high loess index values as well as by the presence of amphibole grains and by notable amounts of biotite grains. These silts originated by aeolian sedimentation during the younger Pleniglacial of the Vistulian, corresponding to the Younger Upper Loess. The amphibole and most of the biotite was derived from deflation of a glaciofluvial cover in the Carpathian forelands and Fore-Carpathian basins. They indicate the importance of northern winds in the Plenivistulian atmospheric circulation.
Krzysztof Grzybowski, Institute of Geology, Warsaw University, Żwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland (received: March 13, 2000; accepted: April 28, 2000).
Key words: Western Outer Carpathians, Quaternary, loess-like silts, stratigraphy.
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Małgorzata LABUS
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Comparison of computer image analysis with mercury porosimetry in sandstone porosity measurement
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Computer image analysis was used to determine porosity volume in sandstones from Upper Silesia and Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska. Calibration of the data was made by comparison with the results of mercury injection capillary pressure methods. Image analysis can yield many useful parameters. This study obtained chosen size parameters and diameters of equivalent area circles, calculated for all samples after 100 partial observations. Results obtained by image analysis are close to those measured by mercury injection capillary pressure. They could complement standard mercury porosity measurements, and in some cases, replace them.
Małgorzata Labus, Institute of Applied Geology, Silesian Technical University, Akademicka 2, PL-44-100 Gliwice; e-mail:
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(received: April 17, 2000; accepted: June 27, 2000).
Key words: computer image analysis, mercury porosimetry, porosity, clastic rocks.
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Izabela BOJAKOWSKA and Gertruda SOKOŁOWSKA
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oils from Poland
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The content of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oil samples derived from all three oil-bearing regions of Poland, i.e. from the Carpathians, the Carpathian Foredeep and the Polish Lowlands (the Fore-Sudetic-Wielkopolska, the Western Pomeranian and the Peribaltic areas), were determined. The concentrations of PAHs determined in these crude oils varied from 22.85 to 332.45 ppm. The average content of PAHs in crude oils from the Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep (191.18 ppm) was several times higher than that in crude oils from the Polish Lowlands (44.70 ppm); there was throughout, though, a relatively small variability in the content of perylene, varying from 0.50 to 0.80 ppm. Of PAH compounds determined, the largest share was occupied by 3-cyclic hydrocarbons (an average of 72%) and 4-cyclic (about 24%), whereas the content of 5- and 6-cyclic hydrocarbons did not exceed 3%. Phenanthrene and fluorene were prevailing PAH compounds. The diverse PAH composition in oil samples from the Polish Lowlands compared to those from the Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep seems to have resulted more from the composition of original organic matter than from the course of geochemical and biochemical processes (which occur during biomass decay) and the subsequent migration of these compounds in rock formations.
Izabela Bojakowska and Gertruda Sokołowska, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland; e-mail:
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(received: July 15, 1999; accepted: December 2, 2000).
Key words: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, crude oils.
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Izabela BOJAKOWSKA and Gertruda SOKOŁOWSKA
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in hard coals from Poland
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Concentrations of seventeen unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been determined in hard coal samples from the Carboniferous Upper Silesian, Lower Silesian and Lublin Coal Basins. Among the investigated coals the highest average content of PAHs was determined for the Lower Silesian coals - 6.619 ppm, whereas the means for the Upper Silesian and Lublin coals were 4.11 and 4.319 ppm respectively. Hard coals from the Lublin Coal Basin have relatively high contents of the 5- and 6-cyclic hydrocarbons and lower contents of the 3-cyclic hydrocarbons (0.180 ppm) than coals from the Lower Silesian and Upper Silesian Coal Basins, which contain 2.542 and 1.437 ppm respectively. Within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin there are differences in the PAH "profiles": the coals from the eastern part of the basin have higher contents of the 5- and 6-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lower contents of the 3-cyclic hydrocarbons than those from the western part of the basin.
Izabela Bojakowska and Gertruda Sokołowska, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland; e-mail:
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(received: July 13, 2000; accepted: January 5, 2001).
Key words: hard coal, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Izabela BOJAKOWSKA and Gertruda SOKOŁOWSKA
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in brown coals from Poland
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Concentrations of seventeen unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been determined in brown coal samples from several deposits in Poland. Content of the total determined PAHs ranges from 0.247 to 4.894 ppm, with an average value of 1.542 ppm. Unsubstituted PAHs concentrations in brown coals from tectonic depression deposits are several times higher than in brown coals from lensoid deposits. Among the investigated PAHs, perylene is the most abundant, exceeding other determined PAHs more than tenfold. Samples taken from coal lensoid deposits contain more chrysene and benzo(a)anthracene than samples from tectonic depressions, which have more acenaphthylene, fluoranthene and pyrene.
Izabela Bojakowska and Gertruda Sokołowska, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland; e-mail:
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(received: July 4, 2000; accepted: January 5, 2001).
Key words: brown coal, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Wydawnictwa 
O nas w PIGułce
Gaz łupkowy i gaz zamknięty
Mapa obszarów zagrożonych podtopieniami
Seminarium Chłodno o hydrogeologii
Przez ocean czasu
Konferencja Złoża kopalin – aktualne problemy prac poszukiwawczych, badawczych i dokumentacyjnych
II Polski Kongres Geologiczny
