GEOLOGICAL QUARTERLY
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Andrzej MANECKI
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Polish scientists in studies of extraterrestrial matter; past, present, reminiscences
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............211
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The contributions of Polish scientists to studies of extraterrestrial matter are described, and a history of investigations into the Pułtusk, Łowicz, Morasko and Baszkówka meteorites is given. Opinions expressed in Polish journals on the structure and genesis of chondrules are discussed, together with the results of X-ray structural research of graphites. Polish papers devoted to the studies of cosmic dusts, particularly of their aluminosilicate glass, are summarized. In this context the use of the infrared method in distinguishing terrestrial and cosmic glasses is stressed.
Andrzej Manecki, Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Mickiewicza 30, PL-30-059 Kraków, Poland, e-mail:
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(received: September 11, 1999; accepted: December 20, 1999).
Key words: meteorites, structures of chondrules, cosmic dusts, cosmic glass, cosmic graphite.
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Andrzej S. PILSKI
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Inventory of Polish meteorites
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............219
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Meteorites which fell on or were found in Poland are arranged in chronological order. Each meteorite is described, and specimens preserved in Polish collections are listed.
Andrzej S. Pilski, Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork, Katedralna 8, PL-14-530 Frombork, Poland, e-mail:
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(received: September: 11, 2000; accepted: October 19, 2000).
Key words: meteorite, collection.
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Jerzy BORUCKI and Marian STĘPNIEWSKI
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Mineralogy of the Baszkówka chondrite (L5 S1): new data on silicates, opaques and minor minerals
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............229
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The mineral composition of the Baszkówka meteorite comprises: olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase, Fe,Ni metal, troilite and chromite with minor chlorapatite, whitlockite, magnetite, haematite, spinel, idaite, calcite and native Cu. A rare variety of spinel (picotite), probably the oldest among the minerals of Baszkówka, was identified in the only two chondrules named: panda and chevron. The composition of the olivine (Fa 26.2±1.8 wt.%) and the high degree of chondrite homogenisation, a result of thermal metamorphism, are consistent with earlier results and indicate the L5 group. No distinct shock effects were observed in Baszkówka, classified as S1. Troilite-Fe,Ni and Fe,Ni metal lumps are defined and interpreted as molten planetesimals impact splashes.
Jerzy Borucki, Peszteńska 3 m 24, PL-03-925 Warszawa, Poland; Marian Stępniewski, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland (received: November 21, 2000; accepted: May 14, 2001).
Key words: Baszkówka, meteorites, ordinary chondrites, minerals, spinel (picotite).
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Frank WLOTZKA and Jürgen OTTO
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Euhedral crystals in interstitial pores of the Baszkówka and Mt. Tazerzait L5 chondrites
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............257
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Euhedral to anhedral crystals of the main meteoritic minerals are found in interstitial pores of the unshocked L5 chondrites Baszkówka and Mt. Tazerzait. The composition of these pore minerals is the same as elsewhere in the meteorite. They must have grown from a vapour phase during metamorphic equilibration of the meteorite minerals. The pores are primary features, i.e. open space remaining after compaction of the constituents of the meteorite.
Frank Wlotzka, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Kosmochemie, Postfach 3060, 50020 Mainz, Germany; Jürgen Otto, Mineralogisches Institut der Universität, Freiburg, Germany (received: November 20, 2000; accepted: December 6, 2000).
Key words: Baszkówka, Mt. Tazerzait, euhedral crystals, pores, chondrite.
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Jacek SIEMIĄTKOWSKI
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Petrography of the Baszkówka chondrite
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............263
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The Baszkówka chondrite comprises chondrules, individual crystals of olivine, xenomorphic concentrations of kamacite and troilite, matrix and pores up to 3.0 mm in diameter; porosity reaches 20% by volume. Measurements of 697 chondrules in an area of 250 m2 enabled distinction of three populations. The chondrules and olivine crystals have been sintered at high temperatures. Six structural types showing transitions between porphyritic and granular structures have been discriminated. Rims showing a similar diversity surround about 10% of chondrules. The composition and structure of the chondrules suggest a source from the nebular dust disk around the Sun. The abudance of voids and their relatively large size and a lack of fissures, indicate a small size of the host body, which must have been derived from an early phase of protoplanet formation.
Jacek Siemiątkowski, Lower Silesian Branch, Polish Geological Institute, Jaworowa 19, PL-53-122 Wrocław, Poland (received: July 3, 2000; accepted: October 17, 2000).
Key words: ordinary chondrite (OC), chondrules, structures, petrography, classification, origin.
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Jerzy BORUCKI and Marian STĘPNIEWSKI
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Two spinel-bearing compound chondrules from the Baszkówka meteorite
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............281
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The present paper describes two compound chondrules labelled panda and chevron, discovered in the Baszkówka meteorite. Optical microscope, electron microscope and electron microprobe studies revealed an unusual mineral composition and fabric. Both chondrules include "primary" and "secondary" components. The panda and chevron chondrules have apparent diameters of ~0.86 and ~0.54 mm respectively with spinel dominant in primary components and olivine-plagioclase in secondary components overlain by thin microcrystalline rims. Euhedral or subhedral Mg, Fe2+/Al, Cr-spinel crystals from the panda's primary component (zoned, cavernous or homogeneous) were not found in Mg-Fe chondrules in Baszkówka, where Cr occurs exclusively as chromite. Olivine crystals from panda's primary (Fa27.1) and secondary (Fa26.5) component have similar compositions to those from panda's rim (Fa26.4) and comparable to olivine from other Baszkówka Mg-Fe chondrules (average ~Fa25.7). The Ca-plagioclase laths from the groundmass of panda's primary component has an extremely variable composition (~An49 to ~An60), evidently more calcic than those in other chondrules of the meteorite (mean ~An13). The primary components of the two spinel-bearing chondrules may have been formed in a fireball generated by powerful impact during early accretion of a protoplanet. After crystallisation the spinel crystals were abraded and polished, probably during rapid flight through a dense cloud of interplanetary dust. The moderately reducing conditions of the hypothetical fire ball were replaced by a more reducing environment during the condensation of the rims of both chondrules.
Jerzy Borucki, Peszteńska 3 m 24, PL-03-925 Warszawa, Poland; Marian Stępniewski, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland (received: November 21, 2000; accepted: January 19, 2001).
Key words: Baszkówka, meteorites, ordinary chondrites, spinel.
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Rajmund DYBCZYŃSKI, Jadwiga CHWASTOWSKA, Bożena DANKO, Krzysztof KULISA, Halina POLKOWSKA-MOTRENKO, Zbigniew SAMCZYŃSKI, Elżbieta STERLIŃSKA and Zygmunt SZOPA
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A study on chemical composition of Baszkówka and Mt. Tazerzait chondrites
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............289
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The elemental contents of two new meteorites, Baszkówka (Poland, 1994) and Mt.Tazerzait (Niger, 1991), were studied by instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analysis (NAA), supplemented in the case of some elements by gravimetric, titrimetric, spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometric measurements. In total 28 elements were determined for each meteorite. A striking similarity in the bulk chemical composition of the two meteorites was observed. In the case of Baszkówka some study of the elemental contents of the magnetic fraction and the distribution of elements between kamacite and taenite phases was also made. This study confirms that Baszkówka and Mt. Tazerzait are generally more similar to L chondrites than to any other class of chondrites. However both meteorites show also some distinctive features (e.g very low Hg content), distinguishing them from all other L chondrites known. Both meteorites may derive from a common parent body, which may be different from that typical for other chondrites.
Rajmund Dybczyński, Jadwiga Chwastowska, Bożena Danko, Krzysztof Kulisa, Halina Polkowska-Motrenko, Zbigniew Samczyński, Elżbieta Sterlińska and Zygmunt Szopa, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, PL-03-195 Warszawa, Poland, e-mail:
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(received: July 27, 2000; accepted: September 29, 2000).
Key words: Baszkówka and Mt.Tazerzait meteorites, chondrite, neutron activation analysis, speciation, cosmochemistry.
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Seiji MARUYAMA
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Oxygen-isotopic compositions of minerals from the Baszkówka chondrite
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............303
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Oxygen isotopic compositions of two picotite-bearing chondrules from Baszkówka L5(S1) equilibrated ordinary chondrite have been determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The O-isotopic compositions of the minerals in the picotite-bearing chondrules are slightly more 16O-rich than the bulk O-isotopic composition of Baszkówka. The petrological properties and the O-isotopic compositions of these chondrules suggest that they have closer relationship to ferromagnesian chondrules than CAIs. The 16O-enrichment of the picotite-bearing chondrules may result from incomplete O exchange reaction between 16O-rich chondrule precursors and the 16O-poor solar nebular gas. This implies that the picotite-bearing chondrules are more primitive than ordinary ferromagnesian chondrules in Baszkówka. The O-isotopic compositions of the minerals in one of these chondrules relate to the crystallization sequence. These O-isotopic variations of minerals within the chondrule may result from incomplete O exchange between the chondrule melt droplet and the nebular gas. The heterogeneity of the O-isotopic composition in Baszkówka indicates that Baszkówka has not been homogenized completely during thermal metamorphism and/or secondary alteration.
Seiji Maruyama, Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior, Okayama University, Yamada 827, Misasa, Tohaku-gun, Tottori 682-0193, Japan, e-mail:
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(received: November 6, 2000; accepted: November 28, 2000).
Key words: Baszkówka, meteorite, ordinary chondrite, chondrule, spinel, oxygen isotope.
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Peter SCHERER and Ludolf SCHULTZ
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Noble gases in Baszkówka and Mt. Tazerzait
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............313
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Concentration and isotopic composition of noble gases have been measured in bulk samples of the L5 chondrites Baszkówka and Mt. Tazerzait. Compared to other chondrites both meteorites have very large cosmic-ray exposure ages of 74 and 60 million years, respectively. During their history both meteorites were not involved in major thermal events.
Peter Scherer and Ludolf Schultz, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Kosmochemie, Postfach 3060, 50020 Mainz, Germany (received: November 20, 2000; accepted: May 8, 2001).
Key words: Baszkówka, Mt. Tazerzait, meteorites, noble gases, cosmic-ray exposure age, gas retention ages.
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Stanisław HAŁAS and Artur WÓJTOWICZ
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K/Ar dating and stable isotope analysis of the Baszkówka and Mt. Tazerzait L5 chondrites
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............315
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We have determined the content of 40Ar* (1.49 nmol/g) and 4He (1.75 nmol/g) in the Baszkówka meteorite by static vacuum mass spectrometry. The radiogenic argon content was calculated from the measured argon spectrum using the equation: 40Ar* = 40Ar - 295.536Ar assuming a potassium content of 680 ppm wgt. We have obtained K/Ar ages of 3.78 Ga for the chondrules and 3.47 Ga for a bulk sample of Baszkówka. A similar 4He content (1.47 nmol/g) but larger 40Ar* (2.32 nmol/g) content was found for the Mt. Tazerzait bulk sample. The K/Ar age of this meteorite on the basis of the K content (732 ppm) is 4.34 Ga. Sulphur isotope analysis of troilite specimens from both meteorites reveals essentially negative ð34S values: -1.25±0.06o/oo for Baszkówka and -1.18±0.06o/oo for Mt. Tazerzait expressed on the V-CDT scale. This indicates that both chondrites may have a common origin. The oxygen isotope data (ð18O = 4.88±0.03o/oo and ð17O = 3.66±0.10o/oo) suggests that Baszkówka belongs to the L chondrites.
Stanisław Hałas, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 1, PL-20-031 Lublin, Poland; Artur Wójtowicz, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland (received: July 27, 2000; accepted: October: 31, 2000).
Key words: Baszkówka, Mt. Tazerzait, chondrites, K/Ar ages, oxygen isotopes, sulphur isotopes.
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Jolanta GAŁĄZKA-FRIEDMAN, Erika R. BAUMINGER, Israel NOWIK, Nonna BAKUN-CZUBAROW, Marian STĘPNIEWSKI and Jacek SIEMIĄTKOWSKI
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Comparative Mössbauer studies of the Baszkówka ordinary chondriteand some other meteorites
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............319
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It was suggested that perhaps Mössbauer parameters of troilite could serve as a criterion for an interpretation of the origin of various meteorites. It was found that in three meteorites coming from the same parent body (Baszkówka, Mt. Tazerzait and Songyuan) the angle between the principal axis of the electric field gradient (EFG) and the direction of the magnetic field in troilite is around 60o. Further investigations showed that in some other meteorites, not belonging to this group, this angle is close to 90o.
Jolanta Gałązka-Friedman, Institute of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, PL-00-662 Warszawa, Poland; Erika R. Bauminger and Israel Nowik, Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; Nonna Bakun-Czubarow, Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818 Warszawa, Poland; Marian Stępniewski, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland; Jacek Siemiątkowski, Lower Silesian Branch, Polish Geological Institute, Jaworowa 19, PL-51-122 Wrocław, Poland (received: September 11, 2000; accepted: December 13, 2000).
Key words: ordinary chondrites, parent body, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Q angle, troilite, kamacite, olivine, pyroxene, weathering, oxidation.
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Małgorzata BIERNACKA, Krzysztof ISAJENKO, Paweł LIPIŃSKI and Alfred ŻAK
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Radioactivity of the Baszkówka meteorite
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............327
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In January 1996 a fragment, and in May 1996 a cut slab of the Baszkówka meteorite, were delivered for the radioactivity analysis to the Dosimetry Department of the Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection (CLOR) in Warsaw. The measurement method was gamma spectrometry using HPGe (High Purity Germanium) detectors. The CLOR prepared volume calibration source identical to the cut slab of the meteorite delivered for analyses. The presence of 40K and the cosmogenic radionuclides such as 54Mn and 22Na was detected in the Baszkówka meteorite. The results and measurement method are discussed.
Małgorzata Biernacka, Krzysztof Isajenko, Paweł Lipiński and Alfred Żak, Dosimetry Department, Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection, Konwaliowa 7, PL-03-194 Warszawa, Poland, e-mail:
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(received: July 27, 2000; accepted: September 29, 2000).
Key words: meteorite, radioactivity, gamma spectrometry.
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Andrzej S. PILSKI, Tadeusz A. PRZYLIBSKI and Paweł P. ZAGOŻDŻON
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Comparative analysis of the Baszkówka and Mt. Tazerzait chondrites: genetic conclusions based on astrophysical data and the mineralogical and petrological data
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............331
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The L5 chondrites Baszkówka and Mt. Tazerzait are characterised. Their astronomical, mineralogical and petrological characteristics confirm that these meteorites are similar. They could be derived from the same parent body, though from the different depths below its surface. A third meteorite - the Tjerebon - might have arisen from the same swarm of meteoroids. The parent body to these meteorites in the asteroid belt can not be established at present. The porosity, of these chondrites suggests that they formed close to the surface of their parent asteroid. The process of formation of the parent rock of the Baszkówka chondrite is similar in some respects to sedimentation of a weakly compacted terrestrial sandstone. Thus, a two-stage geological history may be envisaged: firstly formation of the component minerals and mineral aggregates of this meteorite. Then, later in a different environment, the accretion of fragments of this parent material, together with a small amount of matrix, into a strongly porous sedimentary rock.
Andrzej S. Pilski, Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork, Katedralna 8, PL-14-530 Frombork, Poland, e-mail:
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; Tadeusz A. Przylibski, Paweł P. Zagożdżon, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże S. Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50-370 Wrocław, Poland, e-mail:
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(received: July 3, 2000; accepted: December 13, 2000).
Key words: meteorite, chondrite, solar system, asteroids, asteroid-collisions.
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Marian STĘPNIEWSKI and Jerzy BORUCKI
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Pseudometeorite from Łapino (Pomerania, North Poland)
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............343
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A boulder, found in a gravel pit by Łapino near Gdańsk in 1954, was noted as unusual. Among various erratics ice-derived from Scandinavia in the Quaternary, this one had an extraordinary appearance; unusually dark, heavy and strongly magnetic. An extraterrestrial origin was suggested. The border resembles an intrusive breccia with numerous periclase-bearing fragments in a magnetite-clinopyroxene-olivine matrix. A single grain with a metallic luster, a few centimetres in diameter, was identified as the iron silicide (Fe3Si). Only two natural occurrences of iron silicide have been described, both from meteorites. However, the isotopic analysis showed an absence of radiogenic nuclides (10Be, 26Al, 36Cl), and the ratio of oxygen isotopes (ð17O and ð18O) suggested a terrestrial origin. Thus the stone is probable artifact, presumably the product of an unidentified foundry.
Marian Stępniewski, Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland; Jerzy Borucki, Peszteńska 3 m 24, PL-03-925 Warszawa, Poland (received: November 21, 2000; accepted: January 19, 2001).
Key words: Łapino, North Poland, pseudometeorite, iron silicide.
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